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A chemical reaction has a forward reaction, but it also has a backward reaction. If the backward reaction is significant then the reaction is reversible. When the rate of the forward reaction is the same as the rate of the backward reaction a system is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. This Chemical Equilibrium represented by the symbol ⇔

For example, when carbon dioxide dissolves in water the following reversible change occurs: CO₂ (g) ⇔ CO₂ (aq) and H₂O (l) ⇔ H_2­O (g)

These are physical changes. The following reversible chemical change also occurs:

CO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l) CO₂ ⇔ HCO₃^- (aq) + H⁺(aq)

Hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO₃^-)and hydrogen ions (H⁺) form.

Steady State

Strictly speaking a chemical equilibrium can only be established in a closed system. In an open system a series of reactions can only come to a steady state. An example of a steady state is the production and destruction of ozone in the stratosphere.

None of these reactions comes to equilibrium, but left to themselves they will reach a point when ozone is being produced as fast as it is being used up. The series has reached a steady state.

Position of Equilibrium

For any given reversible reaction, there are many combinations of equilibrium mixtures possible. These combinations depend on the original concentrations of the substances and the conditions. We use the term position of equilibrium to describe one set of equilibrium concentrations for a reaction.

If most of the reactants become products before the reverse reaction increases sufficiently to establish equilibrium we say that the position of equilibrium lies to the right.

If the reverse reaction starts to increase as soon as some products are formed we say that the position of equilibrium lies to the left.

Le Chatelier’s Principle

The position of the equilibrium can be altered by changing the concentration of solutions, the pressure of gases or the temperature.

Le Chatelier’s principle states that if a system is at equilibrium, and a change is made in any of the conditions, then the system responds to counteract the change as much as possible.